Abstract
The influenza virus PA endonuclease, which cleaves capped cellular pre-mRNAs to prime viral mRNA synthesis, is a promising target for novel anti–influenza virus therapeutics. The catalytic center of this enzyme resides in the N-terminal part of PA (PA-Nter) and contains two (or possibly one or three) Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, which are critical for its catalytic function. There is great interest in PA inhibitors that are optimally designed to occupy the active site and chelate the metal ions. We focused here on a series of β-diketo acid (DKA) and DKA-bioisosteric compounds containing different scaffolds, and determined their structure-activity relationship in an enzymatic assay with PA-Nter, in order to build a three-dimensional pharmacophore model. In addition, we developed a molecular beacon (MB)–based PA-Nter assay that enabled us to compare the inhibition of Mn2+ versus Mg2+, the latter probably being the biologically relevant cofactor. This real-time MB assay allowed us to measure the enzyme kinetics of PA-Nter or perform high-throughput screening. Several DKA derivatives were found to cause strong inhibition of PA-Nter, with IC50 values comparable to that of the prototype L-742,001 (i.e., below 2 μM). Among the different compounds tested, L-742,001 appeared unique in having equal activity against either Mg2+ or Mn2+. Three compounds (10, with a pyrrole scaffold, and 40 and 41, with an indole scaffold) exhibited moderate antiviral activity in cell culture (EC99 values 64–95 μM) and were proven to affect viral RNA synthesis. Our approach of integrating complementary enzymatic, cellular, and mechanistic assays should guide ongoing development of improved influenza virus PA inhibitors.
Footnotes
- Received September 1, 2014.
- Accepted December 4, 2014.
A. Stevaert is holder of a PhD grant from the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT). The authors acknowledge financial support by the Geconcerteerde Onderzoeksacties [GOA/15/019/TBA] from the KU Leuven; the Emory Pediatric Center for Drug Discovery fund; the Fondazione Banco di Sardegna; and the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca [PRIN 2010, 2010W2KM5L_003]. S.A.E. Marras is among a group of inventors who earn royalties for molecular beacon usage.
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- Copyright © 2015 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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