Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Both Lmx1bf/f/p and Tph2−/− mice exhibited elevated locomotion but maintained body temperature. (A) Mean body temperature (Tcore; top) and activity [arbitrary units (A.U.); bottom] of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice over 24 hours at room temperature (RT). (B) Mean Tcore and activity by phase (light and dark) of Lmx1b mice at RT (P = 0.0061 for both dark and light, Mann-Whitney tests; n = 7 for Lmx1bf/f, n = 4 for Lmx1bf/f/p; data are mean ± S.E.M.). **P = 0.0061. (C) Tcore (top) and activity (arbitrary units bottom) of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice over 24 hours at RT. (D) Mean Tcore and activity by phase (light and dark) of Tph2 mice at RT (P = 0.0082, Mann-Whitney test for the light phase; n = 6 for Tph2+/+; n = 7 for Tph2−/−; Data are mean ± S.E.M.). **P = 0.0082.
- Fig. 2.
Body temperature was maintained by Tph2−/− mice but not by Lmx1bf/f/p mice when the ambient temperature was 4°C. (A) Tcore of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice recorded for 5 hours at 4°C (mean ± S.E.M., S.E.M. indicated in gray). (B) Activity of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice recorded for 5 hours at 4°C (mean ± S.E.M., S.E.M. indicated in gray). (C) Mean Tcore and activity of Lmx1b mice at 4°C (for mean Tcore, P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney test; n = 7 for Lmx1bf/f, n = 5 for Lmx1bf/f/p; data are mean ± S.E.M.). **P < 0.01. (D) Tcore of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice recorded for 5 hours at 4°C (mean ± S.E.M., S.E.M. indicated in gray). (E) Activity of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice recorded for 5 hours at 4°C (mean ± S.E.M., S.E.M. indicated in gray). (F) Mean Tcore and activity of Lmx1b mice at 4°C (n = 7 for Tph2+/+, n = 9 for Tph2−/−; data are mean ± S.E.M.).
- Fig. 3.
Both Lmx1bf/f/p and Tph2 mice exhibited elevated activity at room temperature (RT) and 33°C. (A and B) Mean locomotion distance of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice at RT (P < 0.0001 for both dark and light phase in (B), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.). (C and D) Mean active time of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice at RT (P < 0.0001 for dark phase and P = 0.0112 for light phase in (D), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 16 for Lmx1bf/f, n = 12 for Lmx1bf/f/p). (E and F) Mean locomotion distance of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice at RT (P = 0.0002 for dark and P = 0.0006 for light phase in (F), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.). (G and H) Mean active time of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice at RT (P = 0.0005 for dark phase and P < 0.0001 for light phase in (H), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 36 for Tph2+/+, n = 33 for Tph2−/−). (I and J) Mean locomotion distance of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice at 33°C (P < 0.01 for both dark and light phase in (J), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.). (K and L) Mean active time of Lmx1bf/f/p (red) vs. Lmx1bf/f (blue) mice at 33°C [P < 0.01 for both dark and light phase in (L), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 15 for Lmx1bf/f, n = 13 for Lmx1bf/f/p]. (M and N) Mean locomotion distance of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice at 33°C [P < 0.01 for the light phase in (N), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.]. (O and P) Mean active time of Tph2−/− (red) vs. Tph2+/+ (blue) mice at 33°C [P < 0.01 for the light phase in (P), Mann-Whitney tests; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 30 for Tph2+/+, n = 29 for Tph2−/−]. For (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, and O), *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***in F, P = 0.0002 for first column, P = 0.0006 for second column, in H, P = 0.0005; ****in D, P < 0.0001; ‡P < 0.01; †P < 0.001; #P < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney tests.
- Fig. 4.
Analysis of EEG/EMG patterns reveals that Tph2−/− mice exhibited less sleep at both RT and 33°C. (A and B) Examples of time spent on wake, NREM, and REM by Tph2+/+ (A) and Tph2−/− (B) over 24 hours at RT. (C–E) Mean percentage of wake (C), NREM (D), and REM (E) by phase (light and dark) at RT [P < 0.01 for light phase in (E), Mann-Whitney test; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 20 for Tph2+/+, n = 22 for Tph2−/−]. (F and G) Examples of time spent on wake, NREM, and REM by Tph2+/+ (F) and Tph2−/− (G) over 24 hours at 33°C. (H–J) Mean percentage of wake (H), NREM (I), and REM (J) by phase (light and dark) at 33°C [P < 0.01 for dark phase in (H), P < 0.01 for dark phase in (I), P < 0.01 for both dark and light phase in (J); Mann-Whitney test; data are mean ± S.E.M.; n = 20 for Tph2+/+, n = 21 for Tph2−/−]. **P < 0.01.
Additional Files
Data Supplement
- Supplemental Figure -
Comparison of locomotion activity of mice with same genotype between room temperature and 33°C
- Supplemental Figure -
