Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2A (sst2A) mediates many of the endocrine and neuronal actions of somatostatin and is the target of somatostatin analogs in cancer therapy. As with many G-protein-coupled receptors, agonist stimulation causes sst2A receptor desensitization and internalization, events that require receptor phosphorylation. Furthermore, heterologous receptor activation of protein kinase C (PKC) also increases sst2A receptor phosphorylation and internalization. Here we analyzed a series of sst2A receptor mutants biochemically to identify residues in the receptor carboxyl terminus that were phosphorylated upon agonist stimulation, and we then generated four phosphorylation-sensitive antibodies to those residues. Once the selectivity of each antibody for its phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated target sequence was determined, the phospho-site-specific antibodies were used to demonstrate that somatostatin treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the wild type sst2A receptor increased phosphorylation on five residues in the receptor C terminus: Ser341, Ser343, Ser348, Thr353, and Thr354. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased receptor phosphorylation only on Ser343. Inhibition of PKC blocked PMA but not somatostatin stimulation, showing that different kinases catalyzed Ser343 phosphorylation. In contrast, somatostatin-stimulated sst2A receptor phosphorylation was inhibited by knockdown of G-protein coupled receptor kinase-2 with siRNA. Somatostatin increased sst2A receptor phosphorylation on the same five residues in GH4C1 pituitary cells as in CHO cells. However, PMA stimulated sst2A receptor phosphorylation on both Ser343 and Ser348 in GH4C1 cells. These results characterize the complex pattern of sst2A receptor phosphorylation by agonist and second messenger-activated kinases for the first time and indicate that cell type-specific regulation of sst2A receptor phosphorylation occurs.
Footnotes
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This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Grant DK032234] and by the Texas Advanced Technology Program [011618-0032-2001].
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ABBREVIATIONS: GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; sst2, somatostatin receptor subtype 2A; PNGase F, peptide N-glycosidase F; HA, hemagglutinin; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; CT, carboxyl terminal; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SS14, the 14 amino acid form of somatostatin; WT, wild type; IC3, third intracellular loop; BSA, bovine serum albumin; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PPI, protease and phosphatase inhibitors; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; HEK, human embryonic kidney; PKA cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; GF109203X, 3-[1-[3-(dimethylaminopropyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione monohydrochloride.
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↵1 Current affiliation: PAREXEL International, Harrow, United Kingdom.
- Accepted April 23, 2009.
- Received December 17, 2008.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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