Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its brominated derivative tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are high production volume chemicals used in the manufacture of various consumer products. Although regarded as endocrine disruptors, these chemicals are suspected to exert nongenomic actions on muscle function that are not well understood. Using skeletal muscle microsomes, we examined the effects of BPA and TBBPA on ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1), dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). We assessed the impact of these chemicals on Ca2+ dynamics and signaling in embryonic skeletal myotubes through fluorescent Ca2+ imaging and measurement of resting membrane potential (Vm). TBBPA activated RyR1 and inhibited DHPR and SERCA, inducing a net efflux of Ca2+ from loaded microsomes, whereas BPA exhibited little or no activity at these targets. Regardless, both compounds disrupted the function of intact myotubes. TBBPA diminished and eventually abrogated Ca2+ transients, altered intracellular Ca2+ equilibrium, and caused Vm depolarization. For some cells, BPA caused rapid Ca2+ transient loss without marked changes in cytosolic and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ levels, likely owing to altered cellular excitability as a result of BPA-induced Vm hyperpolarization. BPA and TBBPA both interfere with skeletal muscle function through divergent mechanisms that impair excitation-contraction coupling and may be exemplary of their adverse outcomes in other muscle types.
Footnotes
- Received November 4, 2016.
- Accepted January 26, 2017.
This work was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Grants P01 ES011269, R01 ES014901, and R01 ES020392], National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [Grant P01 AR052354], and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center core grant [Grant U54 HD079125] to I.N.P.; NIH training fellowships [Grants T32 ES007059 and T32 HL086350] to R.Z.
- Copyright © 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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