RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Caffeine Inhibits Adenosine-Induced Accumulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Interleukin-8 Expression in Hypoxic Human Colon Cancer Cells
JF Molecular Pharmacology
JO Mol Pharmacol
FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
SP 395
OP 406
DO 10.1124/mol.106.032920
VO 72
IS 2
A1 Stefania Merighi
A1 Annalisa Benini
A1 Prisco Mirandola
A1 Stefania Gessi
A1 Katia Varani
A1 Carolina Simioni
A1 Edward Leung
A1 Stephen Maclennan
A1 Pier Giovanni Baraldi
A1 Pier Andrea Borea
YR 2007
UL http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/72/2/395.abstract
AB Frequent coffee consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a number of case-control studies. Coffee is a leading source of methylxanthines, such as caffeine. The induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an essential feature of tumor angiogenesis, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor is known to be a key regulator of this process. In this study, we investigated the effects of caffeine on HIF-1 protein accumulation and on VEGF and IL-8 expression in the human colon cancer cell line HT29 under hypoxic conditions. Our results show that caffeine significantly inhibits adenosine-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation in cancer cells. We show that HIF-1α and VEGF are increased through A3 adenosine receptor stimulation, whereas the effects on IL-8 are mediated via the A2B subtype. Pretreatment of cells with caffeine significantly reduces adenosine-induced VEGF promoter activity and VEGF and IL-8 expression. The mechanism of caffeine seems to involve the inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and Akt, leading to a marked decrease in adenosine-induced HIF-1α accumulation, VEGF transcriptional activation, and VEGF and IL-8 protein accumulation. From a functional perspective, we observe that caffeine also significantly inhibits the A3 receptor-stimulated cell migration of colon cancer cells. Conditioned media prepared from colon cells treated with an adenosine analog increased human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration. These data provide evidence that adenosine could modulate the migration of colon cancer cells by an HIF-1α/VEGF/IL-8-dependent mechanism and that caffeine has the potential to inhibit colon cancer cell growth.