RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Bisphenol A Inhibits Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Channels in Vitro: Mechanisms and Structural Requirements JF Molecular Pharmacology JO Mol Pharmacol FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics SP 501 OP 511 DO 10.1124/mol.112.081372 VO 83 IS 2 A1 André Deutschmann A1 Michael Hans A1 Rainer Meyer A1 Hanns Häberlein A1 Dieter Swandulla YR 2013 UL http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/83/2/501.abstract AB Bisphenol A (BPA), a high volume production chemical compound attracts growing attention as a health-relevant xenobiotic in humans. It can directly bind to hormone receptors, enzymes, and ion channels to become biologically active. In this study we show that BPA acts as a potent blocker of voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. We determined the mechanisms of block and the structural elements of BPA essential for its action. Macroscopic Ba2+/ Ca2+ currents through native L-, N-, P/Q-, T-type Ca2+ channels in rat endocrine GH3 cells, mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons or cardiac myocytes, and recombinant human R-type Ca2+ channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were rapidly and reversibly inhibited by BPA with similar potency (EC50 values: 26–35 μM). Pharmacological and biophysical analysis of R-type Ca2+ channels revealed that BPA interacts with the extracellular part of the channel protein. Its action does not require intracellular signaling pathways, is neither voltage- nor use-dependent, and does not affect channel gating. This indicates that BPA interacts with the channel in its resting state by directly binding to an external site outside the pore-forming region. Structure-effect analyses of various phenolic and bisphenolic compounds revealed that 1) a double-alkylated (R-C(CH3)2-R, R-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)-R), or double-trifluoromethylated sp3-hybridized carbon atom between the two aromatic rings and 2) the two aromatic moieties in angulated orientation are optimal for BPA’s effectiveness. Since BPA highly pollutes the environment and is incorporated into the human organism, our data may provide a basis for future studies relevant for human health and development.