GPCR expression in tissues
| Tissue | Species | Methods and Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Various: neurons, pancreas, liver, etc. | Human, Mouse | Proprietary arrays; assessed known, orphan, and odorant receptors in human tissues and blood cells | (Hakak et al., 2003) |
| Various: neurons, kidney, liver, etc. | Human, Mouse | RT-PCR; assessed 100 endoGPCRs (as no, low, moderate, or strong expression) in 17 tissues and 9 brain regions | (Vassilatis et al., 2003) |
| Lung, breast, prostate, melanoma, and gastric cancers; B cell lymphoma | Human | In silico analysis of GPCR expression in human tumors (eight microarray data sets of non–small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, and diffuse B cell lymphoma); found several GPCRs overexpressed in the cancers | (Li et al., 2005) |
| Various: eye, cardiovascular, pulmonary, etc. | Mouse | Transcript analysis of 353 nonodorant GPCRs in 41 mouse tissues; predicted functional roles for previously unrecognized GPCRs | (Regard et al., 2008) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma | Human | Laser capture microdissection and GPCR-focused DNA microarrays; assessed 929 GPCR transcripts in patient-derived squamous cell lung carcinoma or adenocarcinoma; found 5l GPCRs overexpressed plus many with decreased expression | (Gugger et al., 2008) |
| Cardiac chambers | Mouse | Real-time RT-PCR; evaluated nonchemosensory endoGPCRs in the four cardiac chambers; focused on 128 GPCRs and chamber-specific expression | (Moore-Morris et al., 2009) |
| Adrenal gland | Human | cDNA chip with nucleotide sequences of 865 GPCRs to assess adrenals and adrenal cortical tumors; tumors had higher expression of several GPCRs | (Assie et al., 2010) |
| Melanoma metastases and nevi | Human | Quantitative PCR; assessed expression of 75 orphan and 19 chemokine GPCRs in melanoma metastases and benign nevi; found several orphan GPCRs with higher expression in the metastases | (Qin et al., 2011) |
| Urothelial tissue | Human | RT-PCR array; evaluated 40 GPCRs in human urothelium and urothelium-derived cell lines; cell lines had lower expression of most GPCRs | (Ochodnicky et al., 2012) |
| Pancreas, small intestine | Human | Taqman GPCR arrays; compared small bowel and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (SMNET, PNET) and normal tissue; found altered expression of 28 and 18 GPCRs in SMNET and PNET, respectively | (Carr et al., 2012) |
| Pancreatic islets | Human | Data from the IUPHAR GPCR database; GeneCards.org, ingenuity.com, PubMed.gov used to define a human GPCRome and then qPCR primers for these 384 GPCRs; found 293 GPCRs expressed predicted to be activated by 271 ligands and identified 107 drugs predicted to stimulate and 184 drugs predicted to inhibit insulin secretion | (Amisten et al., 2013) |
| Cerebellum | Human | GPCR RT-PCR arrays; four normal pediatric cerebellums and 41 medulloblastomas; numerous GPCRs had increased expression and clusters of tumors had particular patterns of GPCR expression | (Whittier et al., 2013) |
| Eye | Human, Mouse | RNA sequencing of cDNA of eyes and retinas of mice and a human donor eye; 165 GPCRs identified | (Chen et al., 2013) |
| Adipose tissue | Human | Quantitative PCR of 384 GPCRs; found 163 GPCRs in subcutaneous adipose tissue, 119 drugs (acting on 23 GPCRs) that may stimulate lipolysis, and 173 drugs (acting on 25 GPCRs) that may inhibit lipolysis | (Amisten et al., 2015) |
| Hypothalamus | Mouse | Taqman GPCR arrays; examined hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of female mice; identified 292 GPCRs (including 109 orphan GPCRs) | (Ronnekleiv et al., 2014) |
IUPHAR, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology; qPCR, quantitative PCR; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription PCR.