TABLE 1

Studies showing arsenic activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Arsenic Compound	Treatment	Cell Type	Technique Platform	Pathway Effect	Tissue Type	Reference
Arsenite (As 3+)	1.25 μM for 72 h	JB6 Cl41	Cell proliferation, cell cycle, gene reporter, PI3 kinase assay, Western blotting, cyclin D1 expression assay,	Activated PI3K and AKT	Epidermis	Ouyang et al. (2006)
NaAsO₂	0,0.25,1, 5 μM for 26 wk	BEAS-2B	Cell proliferation, soft agar, immunoblotting, ROS detection,	Activated AKT and mTOR	Lung	Carpenter et al. (2011)
AsCl₃	10 μM 0–16 h	BEAS-2B	Western blotting, ELISA, cell migration	Activated AKT	Lung	Liu et al. (2011)
AsCl₃	0–20 μM 6–12 h	BEAS-2B	Western blotting, RT-PCR, reporter assay, cell proliferation, transformation assay, ELISA	Activated AKT	Lung	Beezhold et al. (2011)
AsCl₃	0–20 μM of arsenic chloride for up to 20 wk	BEAS-2B	RT-PCR, qPCR, RNA immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence	Activated AKT	Lung	Zhang et al. (2006)
NaAsO₂	2.5 μM for 6 wk	HBEC	Cell migration, invasion, Western blotting, immunofluorescence	Activated AKT	Lung	Wang et al. (2012)
NaAsO₂	0–20 μM for 6 h	A375	Western blotting,	Activated AKT	Skin	Li et al. (2015)
C₆AsNH₆O₆	1.0 µmol/liter	Vascular endothelial cells male Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice	MTT, cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, xenograft, immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting	Activated PI3K and AKT	Thoracic aorta	Wang et al. (2016)
NaAsO₂	0,1,2,4,8,10 μM	SV-HUC-1	RT-PCR, Western blotting, ELISA	Activated PI3K and AKT	Ureter	Wang (2013)

BEAS-2B, human bronchial epithelial cells; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GSH, glutathione; HBEC, human bronchial epithelial cells; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.