Inflammatory Regulators in Parkinson's Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2

doi:10.1006/mcne.2000.0914

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

Volume 16, Issue 6, December 2000, Pages 724-739

https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2000.0914 Get rights and content

Abstract

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and focal gliosis are pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and although the brain is described as immune-privileged focal immune reactions surround failing nigral neurons. We examined the cellular distribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in human parkinsonian and neurologically normal substantia nigra and caudate–putamen postmortem. An up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase- and cyclo-oxygenase-1- and -2-containing amoeboid microglia was found in parkinsonian but not control nigra. Astroglia contained low levels of these molecules in both groups. Lipocortin-1-immunoreactive amoeboid microglia were present within the astrocytic envelope of neurons adjacent to or within glial scars in parkinsonian nigra only. Lipocortin-1 is known to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase is generally associated with neurodestruction whereas prostaglandin synthesis may be either neurodestructive or protective. The balance of these molecules is likely to be decisive in determining neuronal survival or demise.

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Regular ArticleInflammatory Regulators in Parkinson's Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2

Abstract

Brain Res.

Brain Res.

Brain Res.

TINS

Brain Res.

Brain Res.

Neurosci. Lett.

J. Biol. Chem.

Neuroscience

Neuropharmacology

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Prog. Neurobiol.

J. Neuroimmunol.

TIPS

Prog. Brain Res.

TINS

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

Mol. Cell. Neurosci.

Neurosci. Lett.

Neuroscience

J. Biol. Chem.

Lancet

Park. Rel. Dis.

Brain Res.

J. Biol. Chem.

Neuroscience

Neurosci. Lett.

Neurosci. Lett.

J. Neuroimmunol.

TINS

J. Biol. Chem.

Exp. Neurol.

Exp. Neurol.

Brain Res.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Neuroscience

Biochem. Biophys. Acta

Brain Res.

Brain Res.

Feedback inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity by nitric oxide

Br. J. Pharmacol.

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PNAS USA

Cytotoxicity of microglia

GLIA

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

J. Neurosci.

Conceivable difference in the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of lipocortins 1 and 5

Mediators Inflam.

GDNF protects mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from axotomy-induced degeneration in the adult brain

Nature

Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

J. Neural Transm.

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Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in cultured rat microglia and their role in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1beta production

J. Neurochem.

Lipocortin-1 modifies the pyrogenic actions of cytokines in the rat

Am. J. Physiol.

Regular Article
Inflammatory Regulators in Parkinson's Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2