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Physiological role of aquaporin 5 in salivary glands

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Abstract

Regarding the 13 known mammalian aquaporins (AQPs), their functions in their expressing tissues, effects of their mutation/polymorphisms in humans, and effects of knockout of their genes are summarized in this review article. The roles of AQP5, an exocrine gland-type water channel, in the salivary gland under normal and pathophysiological conditions are reviewed in detail. First, the involvement of AQP5 in water secretion from acinar cells was demonstrated by measuring volume changes of acini/acinar cells, as well as activation energy (E a) in transepithelial water movement by NMR spectrometry, and a functional linkage between AQP5 and TRPV4 was suggested. Next, involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system on the AQP5 levels in the acinar cells of the submandibular and that of a β-adrenergic agonist on those in the parotid gland are described. That is, chorda tympani denervation induces autophagy of the submandibular gland, causing AQP5 degradation/metabolism, whereas isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, causes first an increase then decrease in AQP5 levels in the parotid gland, which action is coupled with the secretory-restoration cycle of amylase-containing secretory granules. The PG also responded to endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide that activates NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Elevated NF-κB and AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) form a complex that can bind to the NF-κB-responsive element on the AQP5 promoter and thus potentially downregulate AQP5 transcription. Salivary gland pathologies and conditions involving AQP5 and possible treatments are described as well.

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Notes

  1. Major intrinsic protein (MIP/MP26/MIP26) of the lens was reported before the discovery of AQP1 [127], and its function had been unknown. Since MIP26 afforded permeation of water and was highly homologous to members of the AQP family, it was later considered to be an AQP [106]. Thus the protein and gene of MIP26 are referred to as AQP0 [99, 117].

Abbreviations

ALLM:

N-Ac-Leu-Leu-methininal

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

AQP:

Aquaporin

CCh:

Carbachol

CTD:

Chorda timpani denervation

CQ:

Chloroquine

DPPVI:

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV

E a :

Activation energy

EMSA:

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

IPR:

Isoproterenol

KO:

Knockout

LC3B-II:

Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 isoform B-II

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MDCK:

Madin-Darby canine kidney

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

PG:

Parotid gland

P d :

Diffusive water permeability

P f :

Osmotic water permeability

RVD:

Regulatory volume decrease

SMG:

Submandibular gland

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TRPV4:

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4

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Acknowledgments

Parts of this review are based on studies conducted in the Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University (formerly, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima), Japan. The author appreciates deeply the laboratory staff and graduate students who participated in the project, as well as the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan, for having supported the project for many years. The author would like to acknowledge Professor Y. Seo, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine; Professor K. Inenaga, Kyushu Dental University; Dr. M. Murakami, National Institute for Physiological Sciences; and Dr. T. Nakahari, Osaka Medical College, for collaboration in some of the studies cited and for thoughtful discussion regarding the water transport mechanism. The author also expresses his gratitude to Dr. Larry Frye for reviewing this article and gives thanks to all other people who contributed to the project.

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    Present address: International Center, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minami Josan-Jima-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan

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  1. Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan

    Kazuo Hosoi

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Hosoi, K. Physiological role of aquaporin 5 in salivary glands. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 468, 519–539 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-015-1749-6

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