ReviewMolecular mechanism of PPARα action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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Abbreviations
PPAR
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
FAO
fatty acid oxidation
FA
fatty acid
APR
acute phase response
NASH
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NAFLD
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
CVD
cardiovascular disease
LDL
low density lipoprotein
HDL-C
high density lipoprotein cholesterol
SPPARM
selective PPAR modulator
AF-1
activation function-1
MAPK
mitogen-activated protein kinase
DBD
DNA binding domain
PPRE
PPAR response element
DR-1
direct repeat-1
RXR
retinoid X receptor
LBD
ligand binding domain
NCoR
nuclear receptor co-repressor
PKC
protein kinase C
SUMO
small ubiquitin-like modifier
AF-2
activation function-2
LBP
ligand binding pocket
CBP
CREB-binding protein
SRC-1
steroid receptor coactivator-1
ACOX1
acyl-CoA oxidase 1
LTB4
leukotriene B4
8(S)-HETE
8(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
8-LOX
8-lipoxygenase
FATP-1
fatty acid transport protein-1
FAS
fatty acid synthase
16:0/18:1-GPC
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine
ATGL
adipose triglyceride lipase
TG
triglyceride
HSL
hormone-sensitive lipase
EC50
half maximal effective concentration
GAL4
galactosidase 4
HAT
histone acetyltransferase
PBP
PPARα-binding protein
MED-1
mediator subunit 1
PPARαDISS
PPARα mutant with selective transrepression activity
LXR
liver X receptor
DR-4
direct repeat-4
C/EBPα
CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha
TBP
TATA-binding protein
GO
gene ontology
IL-6
interleukin-6
AP-1
activator protein 1
NFκB
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
JNK
c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
GR
glucocorticoid receptor
Fib
fibrinogen
SAA
serum amyloid A
Hg
haptoglobin
CRP
C reactive protein
STAT3
signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
Fib-β
fibrinogen-beta
GRIP-1/TIF-1
GR-interactin protein-1/transcription intermediary factor-2
ERR
estrogen-related receptor
SIRT-1
sirtuin-1
ERRE
ERR response element
LPS
lipopolysaccharide
TNF
tumor necrosis factor
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
LCFA
long-chain fatty acid
VCFA
very long-chain fatty acid
FAT/CD36
fatty acid translocase
L-FABP
liver fatty acid-binding protein
EHHADH
L-bifunctional enzyme
CPT
carnitine palmitoyltransferase
MCAD
medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
LCAD
long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
VLCAD
very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
let-7c
let-7 microRNA precursor
miRNA
microRNA
APO-AI
apolipoprotein-AI
HMGCS
mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase
KD
ketogenic diet
FGF21
fibroblast growth factor 21
BDH
beta-D-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
LPL
lipoprotein lipase
APO-CIII
apolipoprotein-CIII
ChREBP
carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
HNF-4
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
FOXO1
forkhead box O1
APO-AII
apolipoprotein-AII
ChIP-seq
chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing
APO-AV
apolipoprotein-AV
SNP
single-nucleotide polymorphism
SREBP-1c
sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
Acc1
acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
Scd-1
stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
PKA
protein kinase A
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
mTORC1
mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
PI3K
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
S6K2
protein S6 kinase 2
IR
insulin resistance
AMPK
5′-AMP-activated protein kinase
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus
ICAM-1
intracellular adhesion molecule-1
VCAM-1
vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
IL-1RA
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
IκB
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor
MetS
metabolic syndrome
MCDD
methionine choline-deficient diet
CYP4A
cytochrome P450 4A
VNN1
vanin-1
ALMS1
Alstrom syndrome 1
HFD
high-fat diet
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
APO-E2
apolipoprotein-E2
ROS
reactive oxygen species
TGFβ
transforming growth factor beta
COX-1
cyclooxygenase-1
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
γGT
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
LDLR
LDL-receptor
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Keywords
PPARα
Fatty acid oxidation
Inflammation
Transrepression
Liver
Steatosis
NAFLD
NASH
Fibrosis
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© 2014 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V.