… The functionally identified nucleotide or P2-purinergic receptors include 1) ATP receptors
that stimulate G protein-coupled effector enzymes and signaling cascades, including inositol …

… Dubyak 4 summarized the evidence that ATP worked through two different transduction
mechanisms: intrinsic ion channels and G … classified in two families: G protein-coupled receptors …

… IL ‐1β (and IL ‐18) lacks a signal sequence for compartmentation within the G olgi and
classical secretory vesicles and the proIL‐1β precursor accumulates within the cytosol following …

BCL-2 is a 26-kDa integral membrane protein that represses apoptosis by an unknown
mechanism. Recent findings indicate that Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

Costimulatory signals are critical to T cell activation, but how their effects are mediated
remains incompletely characterized. Here, we demonstrate that locally produced C5a and C3a …

… For processing of extracellular medium, the collected 1-ml samples were centrifuged at
10,000 × g for 10 s to remove any detached cells, followed by transfer of the supernatant to a …

… at 720 g, 10k g and 100k g to obtain distinct subcellular fractions. … g and 10,000 g to remove
nuclei and larger organelles, respectively. The supernatant was then centrifuged at 16,000 g …

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in host
defense and inflammatory diseases. The maturation and secretion of IL-1β are mediated by …

… The cells were then pelleted at 300 g for 30 s, and all but ∼50 μl of the buffer was removed.
The … Lysates were spun at 15,000 g for 15 min, and the supernatant was transferred to a new …

… Culture supernatants were collected by centrifugation twice at 500 × g for 5 min. Transwell
migration assays were performed with 500 μl apoptotic cell supernatant in the lower chamber …