THE ability of a system to regulate its responsiveness in the presence of a continuous
stimulus, often termed desensitization, has been extensively characterized for the β 2 -adrenergic …

The adenylate cyclase system, which consists of a catalytic moiety and regulatory guanine
nucleotide-binding proteins, provides the effector mechanism for the intracellular actions of …

Homologous or agonist-specific desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors is thought to be
mediated by a specific kinase, the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK). However, recent data …

▪ Abstract G protein–coupled receptors (GPRs) play a key role in controlling hormonal regulation
of numerous second-messenger pathways. However, following agonist activation, most …

Agonist-promoted desensitization of adenylate cyclase is intimately associated with phosphorylation
of the beta-adrenergic receptor in mammalian, avian, and amphibian cells. However…

To ensure that extracellular stimuli are translated into intracellular signals of appropriate
magnitude and specificity, most signaling cascades are tightly regulated. One of the major …

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 belongs to the large superfamily of G protein-coupled
receptors, and is directly involved in a number of biological processes including organogenesis, …

Ligand-induced trafficking plays an important role in the physiologic regulation of many G
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although numerous GPCRs are sorted to a degradative …

The β-adrenergic receptor kinase (β-ARK), which specifically phosphorylates only the
agonist-occupied form of the β-adrenergic and closely related receptors, appears to be important …

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) specifically recognize and phosphorylate the
agonist-occupied form of numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ultimately resulting …