Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of mammalian host immune
responses to microbial invasion suggest that the first line of defense against microbes is the …

Genome editing with CRISPR‐Cas9, particularly for therapeutic purposes, should be
accomplished via the homology‐directed repair (HDR) pathway, which exhibits greater precision …

PIKfyve phosphorylates PtdIns(3)P to PtdIns(3, 5)P 2 . One of the best characterized effector
downstream of PtdIns(3, 5)P 2 is a lysosomal Ca 2+ channel, TRPML1. Although it has been …

PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) α has been implicated in phagocytosis and fluid-phase
pinocytosis in macrophages. The subtype-specific role of PI3K in these processes is poorly …

A number of previous studies have suggested the involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase
(PI3K) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, there have also been a number of …

It has been suggested that PI3K participates in TLR signaling. However, identifying specific
roles for individual PI3K subtypes in signaling has remained elusive. In macrophages from …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members recognize specific molecular patterns within
pathogens. Signaling through TLRs results in a proximal event that involves direct binding of …

The 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative, shikonin, has been shown to increase glucose uptake by
adipocytes and myocytes with minor effects on protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the cells …

TMEM55B is first identified as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-P 2 4-phosphatases (PtdIns-4,5-P 2 4-phosphatases)
that catalyse dephosphorylation of PtdIns-4,5-P 2 to PtdIns-5-P. We …

The activation of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is a key event in the
transmission of signals from Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The catalytic activity of the protein kinase …