Previous postmortem studies demonstrated dysregulation of autophagy in patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD). To clarify whether this alteration reflects a fundamental aspect of PD or …

Background Chronic pain is a persistent unpleasant sensation that produces pathological
synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Both human imaging study and animal …

Aims Synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is caused by propagation of pathogenic α‐synuclein
between neurons. Previously, in multiple system atrophy (MSA), pathologically …

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors are positively allosterically modulated
by benzodiazepine binding, leading to a potentiated response to GABA. Diazepam (DZP, a …

Background We have recently reported that the spinal angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme
(ACE)/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis and downstream p38 MAPK phosphorylation are activated in …

Older adult patients with sepsis frequently experience cognitive impairment. The roles of
brain neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and iron in older sepsis patients …

Benzodiazepines ( BZD s), which bind with high affinity to gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A
receptors ( GABA A ‐Rs) and potentiate the effects of GABA , are widely prescribed for …

Motor paralysis is a severe consequence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that reduces
patient quality of life. Rehabilitation is beneficial for stroke patients. However, functional …

Patulin is a mycotoxin that is found mainly in apple products and causes symptoms such as
bleeding from the digestive tract and diarrhea. Efforts to elucidate the mechanism of its …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD) or omeprazole (OP). Activated AhR can induce …